What does cynical mean?
Cynical describes an attitude of deep distrust toward human motives and sincerity — the conviction that people generally act out of self-interest rather than genuine goodwill. A cynical person tends to question or dismiss displays of kindness, idealism, or principle as masks for selfish aims. The word also applies more narrowly to actions or statements seen as insincere or manipulative, such as 'a cynical attempt to attract votes.' It derives from ancient Greek philosophy: the Cynics, followers of Antisthenes and Diogenes, rejected conventional values and lived plainly, earning their name from 'kynikos,' meaning dog-like. Today the adjective is common in everyday speech and writing, usually carrying a negative connotation of bitterness or jadedness. Its antonyms include trusting, idealistic, and optimistic, making it a useful contrast term when discussing attitudes toward human nature.
Believing that people are motivated primarily by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or motives.
"He was too cynical to believe her apology was sincere."
Contemptuously dismissive of the sincerity or worth of something, especially for self-serving reasons.
"Voters saw the promise as a cynical ploy to win the election."
The word traces back to ancient Greek 'kynikos' — literally 'dog-like' — because the Cynics lived shamelessly and openly, like dogs, rejecting social convention.
Reviewed by Deb Chak, Editor. AI-assisted content curated by RJS Tech Solutions LLP.
Etymology of cynical
Cynical comes from the Latin 'cynicus', borrowed from Greek 'kynikos', meaning 'dog-like'. The term referred to the Cynic philosophers of ancient Greece, notably Antisthenes and Diogenes of Sinope, who rejected material comfort and social convention with an unashamed boldness likened to that of dogs. The word entered English in the late 16th century, initially referring to the philosophers, and by the 17th century had come to describe the general attitude of scornful distrust now associated with it.
Related word forms
How cynical is actually used
Common in both formal and informal contexts. The word carries a strongly negative connotation, implying not just doubt but a settled, somewhat bitter distrust.
Easily confused with cynical
Skepticism is doubt about knowledge or claims, while cynicism is distrust of people's motives and sincerity.