What does literal mean?
“Literal” describes language, interpretation, or treatment based on the direct and ordinary meaning of words rather than an implied, symbolic, or figurative one. A literal translation reproduces the original wording as closely as possible, while a literal account presents events without interpretation or embellishment. The word can also suggest strict adherence to exact wording, as in “a literal reading of the contract,” and is sometimes used to note that an expression is being understood in its ordinary rather than figurative sense. Because literal language can leave out context, irony, or shared assumptions, “literal” sometimes implies an overly rigid interpretation, especially in phrases such as “taking the joke literally.” The related noun, “a literal,” names the direct or ordinary meaning of an expression.
Based on the exact or ordinary meaning of words rather than an implied or figurative meaning; also, conforming closely to the precise wording or actual facts of something.
"The witness gave a literal description of what she had seen."
Can imply strict or overly exact interpretation, especially when discussing humor, interpretation, or rules.
The direct or ordinary meaning of a word or expression, as opposed to a figurative or implied meaning.
"The phrase has a clear literal as well as an idiomatic meaning."
Usually used in the phrase “the literal” and more common in formal or explanatory discussion than in everyday speech.
Plural forms are uncommon; the noun is normally used in the singular in expressions such as “the literal meaning.”
"The guide distinguishes between the word's literal and its metaphorical uses."
A word can be perfectly grammatical and still be far from the truth, which is why a literal reading is not always the complete reading.
Reviewed by Deb Chak, Editor. AI-assisted content curated by RJS Tech Solutions LLP.
Where does literal come from?
The word comes through Middle English from Latin literalis, a form of littera, meaning “of letters” or “pertaining to letters.” In early English, it referred to writing or the written letter, before developing its modern sense of the exact meaning of words or facts. Its relatives include literate, literary, literacy, and letter, all reflecting the same Latin root.
Related word forms
How literal is actually used
In general use, “literal” often suggests that someone is interpreting words exactly, sometimes too exactly, as in “a literal reading.” In legal and technical contexts it can mean strictly according to the precise wording. The noun is less common than the adjective and is usually used in the contrast between a literal and a figurative meaning.
Easily confused with literal
A literal statement expresses the words' direct or ordinary meaning, whereas a figurative statement uses symbols, imagery, or implied meaning.
Literal describes language that follows the exact meaning of words, while literalism is a strict adherence to literal interpretation, especially in interpreting texts or rules.