What does vector mean?
A vector is a quantity or representation that combines magnitude with direction. In mathematics and physics, it describes a displacement, velocity, force, or other directed quantity; in geometry, it may be drawn as an arrow or directed line segment. The defining feature is that knowing only the size of a vector is insufficient: its direction is essential to its meaning. In computing, vectors are ordered collections of values used to represent positions, features, and operations, while vector graphics use mathematical paths and shapes to create images that remain sharp at different sizes. In biology, a vector is an agent that carries genetic material, often a virus or plasmid used in laboratory research. The word is therefore broader than an arrow on a diagram: it designates any directed mathematical quantity, a data structure, a digital image format, or a carrier of biological material, depending on context.
A quantity, representation, or carrier characterized by direction, ordered components, or the transmission of something from one place or organism to another.
"The robot moved along a vector that directed it toward the charging station."
Its precise meaning depends on the field: it may denote a directed quantity, a data structure, vector artwork, or a biological carrier.
To represent, encode, or convert something in vector form.
"The designer vectored the lettering before sending it to the printer."
This use is chiefly technical and is less common than the related forms vectorize and vectorization.
The plural is formed by adding the regular plural suffix -s.
"The two vectors have equal magnitudes but point in opposite directions."
The word began as a label for a carrier; a vector is still, in a sense, something that points the way.
Reviewed by Deb Chak, Editor. AI-assisted content curated by RJS Tech Solutions LLP.
Where does vector come from?
The word comes from Latin vector, meaning “carrier” or “one who carries,” formed from vectus, the past participle of vehere, “to carry.” It was adopted into mathematical language for a quantity having direction, and its computing and biological senses developed from the older idea of something that conveys or carries information. Its Latin relatives include vehicle, convey, and vection, all associated with the same root of carrying or transporting.
Related word forms
How vector is actually used
The term is most common in mathematics, physics, engineering, computing, and design. In biology and public health, it is a technical term for an agent that transmits a pathogen or genetic material; outside specialist contexts, that use may sound formal or unfamiliar.
Easily confused with vector
A vector can be any quantity with direction and magnitude, whereas a vertex is a point where lines, edges, or other geometric elements meet.