What does imperialism mean?
Imperialism names the practice or policy by which a powerful state extends its authority over another country or territory, often through conquest, annexation, economic control, or the establishment of dependent colonies. It can also describe broader forms of political or cultural dominance. Historically, the term is associated especially with the expansion of European empires during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when European governments established direct or indirect control across much of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. The word commonly carries a critical connotation because imperialism creates unequal relationships between governing and governed populations. In contemporary analysis, it may also be used more broadly to describe economic, military, or cultural influence exercised by a dominant power. Studying imperialism is important for understanding colonial history, international relations, nationalism, and continuing debates about sovereignty and self-determination.
nounImperialism is the policy or practice of extending a country’s power and authority over other countries or territories, especially through political or military domination. The term can also refer more broadly to the influence or dominance of one nation or culture over another.
- The policy or practice of extending a state’s power over other countries or territories, especially through conquest, annexation, or indirect control.
- The political, economic, or cultural dominance exerted by a powerful state over a less powerful one.
"The lecture examined how nineteenth-century imperialism reshaped political relationships across Asia and Africa."
"Historians have long debated the economic motives behind European imperialism."
"Cultural imperialism describes the influence of dominant media and cultural institutions across national borders."
The plural is used when referring to distinct forms, policies, or examples of imperialism, or to the imperialisms of different countries or periods.
"Historians compared the European imperialisms of the nineteenth century with earlier systems of territorial expansion."
Imperialism is often remembered through empires that dominated continents, but its influence also survives in modern debates about economic and cultural power.
Reviewed by Deb Chak, Editor. AI-assisted content curated by RJS Tech Solutions LLP.
Where does imperialism come from?
Imperialism is formed from “imperial,” an adjective derived from “empire.” The word “empire” comes through Old French from Latin imperium, meaning command, authority, or rule, especially the power of a ruler. The English noun “imperialism” developed during the nineteenth century as a political term for policies of territorial expansion and imperial control. Related forms such as “imperialist” and “imperialistic” developed from the same base and reflect the same historical and political tradition.
Related word forms
How imperialism is actually used
The term is commonly used in historical, political, and cultural contexts. It is generally evaluative and carries implications of domination or unequal power, although scholars may use it descriptively when analyzing a particular historical policy.
Easily confused with imperialism
Imperialism is the broader policy of extending power over other territories, whereas colonialism specifically involves establishing and maintaining colonies.
Expansionism is a general policy favoring territorial or political expansion, while imperialism usually includes the assertion of authority over dependent peoples or territories.