What does symbiosis mean?
Symbiosis is a noun for a close, sustained relationship between different organisms or, figuratively, between people, organizations, or groups. In biology, it describes an association in which organisms interact closely, often living together or depending on one another for food, protection, reproduction, or other advantages. Although some biological symbioses are mutually beneficial, others benefit only one partner or harm one, so the term is broader than “mutualism.” In everyday and academic discussion, symbiosis is commonly used to describe cooperation and mutual dependence. The word can carry a positive implication of an effective partnership, while also suggesting that the participants are closely linked or difficult to separate. It is especially useful when discussing relationships among species, businesses, institutions, communities, and individuals.
A close and prolonged association between different organisms, often involving regular interaction and direct physical or ecological contact.
"Some sea organisms rely on symbiosis with bacteria for nutrients."
The term may describe relationships that are mutually beneficial, beneficial to one partner, or harmful to one partner.
A mutually beneficial, cooperative, or interdependent relationship between people, organizations, or groups.
"The partnership created a symbiosis between the local business and the university."
This figurative use is common in journalism and academic writing and usually suggests that the participants benefit from their connection.
The plural is regularly used for multiple biological associations or symbolic relationships.
"The study compares several symbioses between marine organisms and symbiotic bacteria."
Symbiosis literally means “living together,” and the word began with a bold idea: organisms can become inseparable partners.
Reviewed by Deb Chak, Editor. AI-assisted content curated by RJS Tech Solutions LLP.
Where does symbiosis come from?
Symbiosis comes from New Latin, formed from Greek symbiosis, a word meaning “living together.” Its elements combine sym- or syn-, indicating “together,” with bios, “life,” and -osis, a suffix associated with a state or condition. The biological sense developed from the idea of organisms living together in close association. Related English words include symbiotic and symbiont, and cognates appear in other languages.
Related word forms
How symbiosis is actually used
In biology, the term can refer to any close association, whether it is beneficial to one partner, beneficial to both, or harmful to one. In general use, “symbiosis” usually suggests mutual benefit or close interdependence, and is sometimes used figuratively for relationships that appear cooperative or inseparable.